فقرات اللغة الانجليزية
subject n1
prepare a short talk about the following topic
"modern civilisation has kept changing at fast space
A century ago, people were able to live in better conditions
than their parents thanks to the progress made in science
and technology. But in practice, the outcome of this progress
was slow to materialise. For instance, most people still used
to travel long distances on foot or by stage coach. And as
mechanisation was not introduced significantly in daily
activities, household chores still had to be done manually,
and were therefore time consuming.
On the other hand, community life was still an asset for
social cohesion, since people had more opportunities to meet
and interact. So they were able to chat with neighbors at
shops or in clubs and have a cup of coffee with friends or
relatives and tell stories and jokes. Likewise, family visits
were frequent and kept the folklore alive, with the
grandparents who used to tell traditional tales or sing
lullabies or folk songs to their grandchildren. Unfortunately,
with the development of audiovisual means such as the
cinema, radio, television and then personal appliances like
the computer, CD-roms and DVDs, the chances of
socialisation are dwindling and the lack of interaction
between people may increase stress, loneliness and anxiety.
Could we then complain that we are missing out on some
ingredients in life which used to make our great
grandparents happier? This is probably so, since closer
contacts among neighbours, friends and families had to be
beneficial for communal harmony. However, scientific
progress in all fields, particularly in medicine, modes of
transportation and communication, and agribusiness can
only show that our lives are today quite fulfilling and, if
anything, more comfortable than a century ago.
subject n02
write an essay about the challenges faced by modern
civilisation
There are three major threats to our civilisation, which can
lead to the destruction of mankind. We have first nuclear
energy, which has been a constant liability ever since the
explosion of atomic bombs in 1945; there is also pollution, a
major cause for concern with the massive and noxious
increase in industrial activities and mechanisation; finally,
climate change constitutes another threat, as an outcome of
the first two mentioned problems.
The escalation of nuclear weaponry since World War Two
has exposed humanity to a nuclear war that would not
compare at all with Hiroshima and Nagasaki, since it could
wipe out life on earth many times over. The Cold War was a
period of tension between the two most heavily equipped
nations in terms of nuclear warheads, the USA and the
USSR. The Détente that came after did not suppress all
worries, since other countries have the bomb, and could use
it any time.
There are also indirect consequences to owning nuclear
energy. Indeed, a lethal form of pollution can originate from
it if accidents in nuclear power plants occur. But apparently
less dangerous forms of pollution, generated by an everincreasing
industrialisation, can also cause severe illnesses
and deaths. We can think of all the chemicals dumped by
factories underground, or in rivers and seas, or of the
enormous amounts of smoke emitted in the air by factories
and vehicles. All of these are causing all sorts of illnesses in
humans and threatening wildlife.
Apart from these direct consequences, the third threat to
our civilisation, climate change, is directly related to the first
two mentioned. Smoke has resulted in the greenhouse effect,
responsible for the increase in mean temperature in the
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world. Consequently, the ice caps in the north and south
poles are shrinking, the sea level is rising, rains have become
irregular, hurricanes are more frequent, monsoons are more
destructive, droughts have intensified, and have reached
usually wet parts of the world. Therefore, the danger of
famine is real , and can even lead to dramatic wars over the
possession of the meagre resources remaining. Surely the
impending threat of nuclear warfare, and the lethal
chemicals spread in the environment make the world a
dangerous place to live. The tons of smoke sent out in the
atmosphere also constitute a health hazard, and are
responsible for climate change. There are indeed urgent
measures to be taken by governments to make human
activities safer if our civilisation is to survive and thrive.
subject 03
write an opinion article about counterfeiting disadvantages
Some people argue that counterfeiting benefits consumers
by giving them access to lower-price goods. This is a totally
mistaken claim. First, imitated goods are poor quality and
do not last long. There is then no guarantee of value for
money and more importantly, that fake goods are not safe.
Imagine how much damage low quality parts fitted in a car
can do to the driver and passengers when they fail!
Secondly, if we think of fake foods or medicines, and the
criminal procedures used by the people who make them, we
can only remain firm on buying genuine products. There are
several cases of substitute edibles which have caused
dangerous diseases to people and which have resulted in
long-lasting law suits. The outcomes could only be
compensations paid for irreparable damage but the moral
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damage caused to the victims can never be repaired! Recent
figures released by the European Union show that the
customs are confiscating 100 million fake items every year.
Thirdly, it is highly immoral to reap where other people
have sown. Pirating products is indeed imitating other
people’s property, and refusing to engage in a creative act. It
is much more rewarding to turn one’s abilities to creating
new objects of value that could serve the community, or
improve the performance of existing ones.
Fourthly, pirating objects is by essence theft, especially when
the producer of a fake item affixes the label of a well-known
trade mark on it. Some countries are notorious for their
practice of counterfeit objects. One wouldn’t like Algerians
to be known for practising this dubious trade, as much as
one wouldn’t like to see them buy cheap, fake products and
head into unsuspected troubles.
subject 04
write a letter to a friend describing your school
Dear Linda,
Today, I’ll write to you about my school. And the least I can
say is that I feel quite happy and comfortable in it.
First, let me mention its old stone building, surrounded by a
nice flower garden. The flowers are carefully arranged, and
in spring, they give off a nice scent when we head for the
classes through the garden. Further back, there are two
large courtyards with enough space and benches to play or
relax. There are also big, ancient olive trees near the walls,
where birds perch and nest. We can hear them warble and
chirp all year round.
Let me also describe my classroom. It is large and well
decorated, with old-fashioned brown desks, and posters and
pictures all over the walls. And then, there are those cabinets
full of books which smell of old paper. Actually, I like
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borrowing a book from to time and dream of all the
adventures and mysteries I read about.
I’ll finally say a few words about my teachers. I’m lucky to
have such good and considerate people around me. They are
so keen to see the students do well. They are always
prepared to answer our questions, and they really want to
make sure we understand the hard parts of the lessons and
exercises. I like the way teachers get us involved. They surely
have children of their own at school, which explains why
they understand how we feel.
So if there is one good reason why I like my school, it surely
is because the teaching staff are so caring, and so friendly. I
can’t dream of a better school!
subject 05
prepare a speech about the the possible changes that are
likely to happen in our lifestyle
We may live a totally different life in the next few decades
because modernity has brought with it a new life style.
Nowadays people take less time to eat, go to fast food shops
to gulp hamburgers, hot dogs and chips. In the future, we
might have conventional food being replaced by food
substitutes like pills, or we might get our nutrients out of
crude oil; that would shorten meal times even further.
Conversely, many people are prepared to spend more time
shopping in supermarkets (and even on the Internet). A lot
of them are now becoming shopaholics, buying products that
they don’t really need. Their number will rise further in the
near future.
This is partly because it is much easier to shop, especially as
more and more supermarkets are equipped with fast serving
cash desks which prevent long queues. In the future, shop
assistants may be replaced by robots which could actually do
the same job as them, with greater efficiency and in less
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time. That of course would probably have side effects like an
increase in unemployment.
Leisure will also change, because of the development of all
sorts of electronic devices, like the multimedia, cable
television and other contrivances. People will be less tempted
to go out for a film, a play or a concert. They’ll pay even less
visits to each other because the cell phone is such a
convenient way to keep in touch. And what to say about the
Internet through which people can instantly chat with and
watch each other via the web cam! Alternatively, we’ll have
more free time to enjoy holidays at lower prices in distant
places. But is this life of the future the kind of life people
would like to have? Couldn’t modernity preserve social
relations and be a means to an end rather than an end in
itself?
subject 06
food safety
Food safety has become one of the major worries for
mankind. This worry has three major sources: the chemical
contamination of agricultural products, the use of additives,
preservatives and colourings in a large number of food
products and the consumption of ready-made food.
Perhaps the first cause for worry about food safety is the
highly intensive mode of farming and agribusiness now
prevailing in industrialised countries. This has led big
companies to use chemicals, fertilisers and pesticides to
ensure maximum output. As a result, fruits and vegetables
are contaminated by chemicals which may prove harmful to
our health.
The second cause for concern is again related to mass
production, and the need to keep products fresh and
attractive. Consumer requirements have led manufacturers
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to introduce colourings, additives and preservatives. Some of
them have been suspected of being dangerous while others
have definitely been classified as harmful by independent
research laboratories. Scientists maintain that some
colourings and sugar substitutes can cause cancer, diabetes
and other ****bolic disorders.
Finally, fast food and ready-made meals have led people to
take undesirable eating habits, like nibbling at work or at
home, or having frequent snacks in front of the computer or
the TV set. More worrying is the fact that the younger
generation are the most prone to consume fast food and soft
drinks. These eating habits, as shown in “advanced”
countries especially, have caused a large part of the
population to become overweight or obese, and to develop
diseases like diabetes or high blood pressure. These are due
to an excess consumption of animal fat and fried food, as
well as sugar and salt.
In conclusion, the conjunction of contaminated agricultural
products, processed foods and poor eating habits is indeed a
good reason to worry about food safety and to take
corrective measures to change or improve our attitudes to
eating.
subject 07
a presentation of the moon
The Moon is an earth satellite orbiting our planet from a
distance of 384,000kms on average, and its orbit is in a westto-
east direction. Its surface gravity is only 0.16 that of the
Earth (one sixth), and it does not seem to have life on it,
since it has neither atmosphere nor water. Minimum and
maximum temperatures on it are wide apart, with +110˚C
on the sunlit side and –170˚C in lunar nights. The geology of
this satellite is rock only, and its age is about 4,6 billion
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years.
Plans to reach the Moon on space crafts have been on
scientists’ minds since early 20th century. But they became
more concrete when the Russians launched space crafts
Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2 in 1957, the second one carrying
dog Laika. In 1961, Yuri Gagarin orbited the Earth,
followed by the American astronaut John Glenn in 1962.
Finally, America won the honour of reaching the Moon
21st 1969.
before Russia, when Neil Armstrong set foot on it on July
There are at present plans to build a space base on the
Moon, to set a giant telescope and launch space ships from
there to distant planets, and perhaps to other solar systems.
subject 08
what would happen if a comet collided with the earth ???I sometimes think with awe about the possible consequences
for life on earth if a comet collided with our planet. I can
imagine it hurtling through the atmosphere before it makes
its terrible impact on some part of a continent. Scientists do
say that a similar incident took place many thousand years
ago, and provoked the extinction of many giant animal
species, including dinosaurs.
An enormous crater would form, and possibly cause a
volcanic eruption which would send a heavy layer of
particles and ash high up in the sky to stop the sun rays
from reaching the Earth. Our planet would then be in the
dark for many years, and consequently the temperatures
would drop considerably.
A change in the climate could indeed occur, rainfalls and
snowfalls would be frequent, heavy and long lasting, and
floods would result from them; the sea level would probably
rise, and cause some flat regions of the Earth to be totally
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immersed.
Another possible consequence of the impact would be a
gigantic earthquake which would destroy many inhabited
areas and kill a huge number of people. If the impact were
near an ocean, a tsunami could develop and flood vast areas
of flat land, causing many people to die or become homeless.
Facts in the past have shown that a disaster like an impact of
a heavenly body on Earth could destroy life, or at least alter
living conditions dramatically. The same could be repeated
if another collision occured. This is why scientists are
thinking up space programmes to find ways of preventing
another accident of this kind.
subject 09
solar eclipse
A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes in front of the
Sun as seen from Earth, and can happen only at new Moon.
During a total eclipse the Sun’s corona can be seen. A total
solar eclipse can last up to 7.5 minutes. When the Moon is at
its farthest from the Earth it does not completely cover the
face of the Sun, leaving a ring of sunlight visible. This is an
annular eclipse. Between two and five solar eclipses occur
each year but each is visible only from a specific area. A
lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes into the shadow
of the Earth, becoming dim until emerging from the shadow.
Lunar eclipses may be partial or total, and they can happen
only at full Moon. Total lunar eclipses last up to 100
minutes; the maximum number each year is three.
A total solar eclipse visible from southwestern England took
place on 11 August 1999 and lasted for two minutes. This
was the first total solar eclipse to be visible from the UK
since 1927, the next will be in 2090.
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subject 10
imagine you are an agony aunt givin advice for teenagers
about the panic that comes with the baccalaureate exam
Dear Miserable,
I’m very sorry to hear that you are having difficulty coping
with stress and anxiety, due to the forthcoming final
examination. I more than sympathise with your being
depressed. Let me tell you however that taking a few
commonsense steps would restore confidence and
cheerfulness in you.
I think you are working too hard, and not taking enough
time for breaks. Do you know that cramming and doing
exercises endlessly produce more anxiety in you? That’s why
you don’t feel you have time to spare for your friends, and to
enjoy some of the pleasures of life you are entitled to.
So, as I said, you should relax and sleep regularly,
meanwhile leaving your brain to process the hardest points
of lessons and activities. You should go out for walks or
practise some sport everyday to help you relax. You ought
not to worry constantly about the time when your exam
occurs, lest you would lose your concentration on the
appointed day.
Think that after all, you have reached a good level of
competence, and that you have enough strategies at this
stage to decide how to organise your work. Let me tell you
again that when the exam comes, always start with the
things you can do easily and leave time for the most tricky
parts.
I’m sure that when the time comes, you will be able to
overcome your stress and perform quite successfully.
I wish you all the best.
subject 11
11
describe the feelings and emotions expected from algerian in
various situations
The death of a close friend or a relative, the occurrence of a
natural disaster or an accident, and other fatalities are likely
to generate different feelings and emotions in people.
Actually the difference in reaction is more particularly a
question of gender. Men will tend to hide their grief over the
death of somebody they know, or their awe when they
witness a tragedy; during a natural disaster, they will try not
to panic and control their emotions; instead, they will react
by taking steps to protect their families and neighbours.
Women will show their emotions more openly. They will
express their sadness and mourning, and cry profusely when
they learn about a relative’s death. Likewise, they will be
rather shocked and terrified when they see an accident in
which there are casualties. Finally, they are likely lose their
self- control, and fail to take the right decisions to protect
themselves in an emergency.
The difference in response regarding the expression of love
and affection will most likely follow the same pattern. Men
always try to avoid excessive sentimentality. They generally
avoid showing in verbal manner too much emotion and
feelings to their families and friends; they will express their
care in a different way; for instance by showing concern,
offering help or giving presents. Women are again prone to
showing their feelings more openly. They would more often
than not use terms of endearment, and they often hug and
kiss family members, especially children.
The differing levels of sensitivity between men and women
concerning the facts of life is probably the reason why their
marks of sympathy and affection are dissimilar. But the
male and female attitudes are complementary, and both
necessary for good human interaction
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.
Ethics ;
Ethics is principles and moral values. it’s also ethics is the set
of moral rules that the professionals in any field are expected
to respect when they deal either with each other or with the
public. in business, ethics represents the attitudes that
individuals and firms should comply with in the actions they
perform and the decisions they take at every level of their
realizations. Such a philosophy does not exist everywhere
because it needs the existence of important conditions to
apply it.
in societies where both political and cultural conditions exist
for making everyone obey this practice, the main principles
that those engaged in the economic branches should follow
involve a good number of the qualities that have always
served as the basis for civilization. Among them we find the
obligation to be honest and lawful in one's activities.
corruption
In general, corruption leads to harm the public interest
and reflect the phenomenon of corruption, a set of
behaviors (bribery, nepotism ... .. Paloasitp extortion
... ... .. smuggling looted public money and ...).. There
are many reasons behind the emergence of the
phenomenon of corruption and spread in the
community although there is almost unanimous on
the fact that this phenomenon of human behavior,
negative driven by self-interest and corruption leads
to the loosening of moral values and to the frustration
and the spread of indifference and passivity among
the members of the community, and the rise of
intolerance and extremism in views and the spread of
crime as a reaction The collapse of values and lack of
equal opportunities. In view of what can be inflicted by
corruption of the damage is not at the local level but
also at the international level, especially in light of the
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trend towards free trade and free competition requires
all of us try to control but seems that the rampant
corruption that fits many parts of the strata of society,
even the citizen a free fair may bribing or Smuggled
when needy, although it has long complained of
corruption and its effects, then we are in a vicious
circle not resolve it, but that one come back to the
teachings of our religion by telling us altruism,
integrity, honesty and sincerity and conviction, but it
is impossible not all what he loves to realize.
bribery
bribery is the crime of giving or receiving something of value
to influence official action. both the person giving and
receiving the bribe are guilty of bribery.
bribery is illegal for two reasons: firstly, it usually involves a
public official using his or her office for personal gain.
Secondly, it can cause officials to make unfair decisions that
affect citizens.
Bribery is a very old crime. There is evidence of bribery dating
back more than 4,000 years. Usually, a person who bribes a
public official is paying to get special treatment. this special
treatment can come in many forms .for example ,a company
might bribe an official to win a government contract .bribing a
public official is the most common type of bribery. in the
united states, officials convicted of bribery may be fined,
removed from office, and sent to prison for up to 20 years.
Commercial bribery, the bribery of owners or employees of
private companies, is also illegal in many places, but it is less
commonly punished. No one knows how often people commit
bribery, but many experts believe that most people who bribe
officials are never caught.
Bribery is most common in some countries or parts of
countries than in others.
Many countries have made it illegal to bribe officials from
other countries
1حضارة بلاد مابين النهرين
'Mesopotamia or Mesopotamia (in Greek:
Μεσοποταμία, ie Mesopotamia) Mesopotamia is
located in southwestern Asia. Was among the first
centers of civilization in the world. It is located now in
Iraq between the Tigris and the Euphrates. The most
famous are the civilizations of Sumer and Babylon,
and I barely, Assyrians, Chaldeans, which originated
from Iraq. With a booming civilizations in
Mesopotamia and in times of simultaneous and
successive been the occupation of land adjacent
ranking the east parts of Iran and specifically Elam
(now the province of Khuzestan, known as Arab Stan)
and occupied the west and Syria to reach Palestine,
where the Babylonian exile in the reign of
Nebuchadnezzar. After the death of Nebuchadnezzar
passed the Mesopotamia civilization in the era of
decadence while arisen forces civilization Persians
Vtm occupation of Babylon and beyond Babylon by
Cyrus and become Kotaisfon (now known as the
cities) southeast of Baghdad, the capital of the horse
came up the Islamic conquest at the hands of Omar
bin al-Khattab. With the passage of the years under
the banner of Islam, Baghdad became the capital of
the Abbasid caliphate, which was considered the
golden generation of Islam. In 1919, Iraq announced
the emergence of self-rule to the state after
independence from Ottoman rule
-الحضارة المصرية - نهر النيل 2
The River Nile, which revolves around ancient
Egyptian civilization Npa over the hills of Ethiopia in
East Africa and the headwaters of the Nile in southern
Sudan, traveling from north Sudan to Egypt to the
flood comes every year to feed the soil with silt. This
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phenomenon is natural flood Egypt's economy has
made a renewed sleep dependent mainly on
agriculture. It helped the emergence of civilization.
The abundance of water could flood them Ivimon
network for irrigation, agriculture and manufactured
boat traffic, transport and fishing river. And gave them
the land precious metals and gems such as gold,
silver and copper. They exchange goods with
neighboring countries. The ancient Egyptians Balgdid
work innovative and startling creativity to the world
both in the embalming (article), music, sculpture,
literature, painting, architecture and pyramids found
reflect the greatness of Architecture, the ancient
Egyptians and in ancient Egypt, the King is the
absolute ruler and spiritual leader and the link
between the people and the gods. He was supported
by the minister and the administrative system and its
priests and religious belief played a big role in their
lives and have had their impact on the art and
thoughts about life in the Hereafter ..
الحضارةالرومانية
* Romanian civilization:
- I stayed the Romanian State nearly a thousand years,
about five centuries before the birth of Christ, peace be
upon him, and five after the birth. Named after the labeled
rate of capital out of Rome and its civilization, Rome has
expanded in the sixth century BC, Vsitrt all over Italy and
then on the Greek cities and then on the Balkan Peninsula,
and Asia Minor and the Levant and Egypt and extended its
control over Carthage in Tunisia.
- Romanian tradition known civilization of manifestations of
Greek civilization building sea theaters and terraces, bridges
and arches, houses and excelled in carving statues and
pictures, comedy and literature flourished in it.
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* Roman history through three stages:
Phase I: Foundation Stage and the European Union (735
BC. M - 27 BC). And its capital Rome.
Second stage: the stage of expansion and influence (27 BC.
M - 395 m) with which the Romans managed to create an
empire stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the
Euphrates basin in the east.
The third stage: the stage of weakness and disintegration,
with the emergence of the Germanic tribes in the political
arena in Europe.
- Following that, the Theodosius in AD 395, dividing the
empire into two parts: the west and the capital Rome, and
the eastern capital of Constantinople (the State of the
Byzantines). Western fell in 476 AD and fell in the second in
1453.
* After the division of the Romanian Empire into an Eastern
and Western Empire fell at the hands of western Germanic
tribes from the north 476 years old.
التلوث the Pollution
Pollution is the introduction of substances or energy into the
environment, resulting in deleterious effects of such a nature as to
endanger human health, harm living resources and ecosystems, and
impair or interfere with amenities and other legitimate uses of the
environment.[1] The major forms of pollution include: Air pollution, the
release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common
examples include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs), and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles.
Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and
hydrocarbons react to sunlight. Water pollution via surface runoff and
leaching to groundwater. Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are
released by spill or underground storage tank leakage. Among the most
significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE[2],
herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Radioactive
contamination, added in the wake of 20th-century discoveries in atomic
physics. (See alpha emitters and actinides in the environment.) Noise
pollution, which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial
noise as well as high-intensity sonar. Light pollution, includes light
trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference. Visual
pollution, which can refer to the presence of overhead power lines,
motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open
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storage of trash or municipal solid waste. Thermal Pollution, is a
temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence.